Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are vital components in modern technology, powering devices for hours or even days. First introduced by Sony and Asahi Kasei in 1991, these batteries brought a significant shift in energy storage, packing immense power into a compact form. Compared to previous options, lithium-ion batteries excel in energy density, enabling them to store substantial energy in limited space while also being rechargeable and long-lasting. Looking forward, more advanced battery technology is on the horizon, with potential for further improvements.
The adoption of rechargeable batteries also plays a critical role in reducing carbon emissions by powering electric vehicles. Countries like the UK, EU members, China, and India are planning to ban the sale of new fossil-fuel cars, some as soon as 2030, to encourage the use of cleaner, battery-powered alternatives. In this context, developments in battery technology are especially impactful.
Solid-state batteries represent the next stage in battery evolution. Similar to traditional lithium-ion batteries, solid-state versions use lithium ions for power. However, they differ by eliminating the liquid electrolyte, replacing it with a solid material. Standard lithium-ion batteries include a liquid component, called an electrolyte, that facilitates the flow of lithium ions and powers devices. In contrast, solid-state batteries maintain the same principles but replace the liquid with solid electrolytes, which enhances energy density and safety, while allowing for faster charging and longer-lasting power.
A key issue with conventional lithium-ion batteries is their large size and safety concerns. The liquid electrolyte can cause swelling due to temperature changes, and under certain conditions, it may leak or even catch fire. As a result, lithium-ion batteries have limitations, particularly in applications like electric vehicles or medical devices, where compact, reliable power is crucial. Solid-state batteries, with higher energy density, could extend battery life for portable electronics and increase range for electric vehicles, while also reducing weight and size.
Solid-state technology also promises faster charging. Unlike liquid-electrolyte batteries, which can take hours to charge, solid-state batteries may achieve rapid recharges, making them highly suitable for electric vehicles and other time-sensitive uses. Their solid structure also decreases the risk of fires, improving safety across different applications.
Despite these advantages, solid-state batteries are not yet commercially viable on a large scale. They are currently costly to produce because of the complex materials involved. Furthermore, many of the potential benefits, including greater longevity, faster charging, and enhanced energy density, are still in the development stage. Challenges like needle-like lithium formations, which may cause short circuits, also pose safety concerns that need to be resolved. Much of the progress remains at the laboratory stage, with significant work required to make mass production feasible.
While solid-state batteries hold great promise for the future of energy storage, especially in the electric vehicle sector, several technical and economic obstacles remain. However, ongoing research suggests that this technology could eventually replace conventional lithium-ion batteries in a range of applications, offering a safer and more efficient solution for energy storage.
Ilika plc (LON:IKA) is a pioneer in solid state battery technology enabling solutions for applications in Industrial IoT, MedTech, Electric Vehicles and Consumer Electronics.
