The journey towards global decarbonisation demands targeted approaches for sectors that cannot easily transition to electrification or green hydrogen. Aviation, shipping, and long-haul transportation account for nearly a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions and require energy-dense solutions compatible with existing infrastructure. Sustainable hydrocarbons, advanced biofuels, and synthetic e-fuels present a critical opportunity to reduce emissions while leveraging current systems.
Sustainable fuels are transformative in addressing the challenges of hard-to-abate sectors. These fuels, including biofuels and e-fuels, offer lifecycle emissions reductions and operational compatibility. First-generation biofuels, derived from crops like sugar or vegetable oils, have been widely adopted but face challenges around sustainability, competing with food production, and environmental impact. Second-generation biofuels improve on this by using waste materials, such as agricultural residues, while third-generation options harness fast-growing microorganisms for efficient CO₂ fixation, though these are not yet cost-competitive at scale.
Synthetic fuels, produced via power-to-liquid (PtL) processes using green hydrogen and captured CO₂, are particularly promising. These drop-in solutions include e-diesel for heavy transport, e-gasoline for light vehicles, and e-SAF (sustainable aviation fuel) tailored for the aviation industry. Green ammonia, another emerging fuel, holds potential for marine applications due to its carbon-free combustion and high energy density, though it requires further advances in handling and emissions control to overcome toxicity and combustion challenges.
The environmental benefits of sustainable fuels extend beyond emissions reductions, with potential cuts of up to 90% in certain applications. These fuels also contribute to improved air quality by reducing pollutants like SOx and NOx, enhancing public health. The economic advantages are equally significant. By stimulating regional production, sustainable fuels reduce dependence on imported oil, foster job creation, and drive innovation. Global projects like Chile’s Haru Oni and Argentina’s San Lorenzo refinery exemplify how sustainable fuel initiatives can leverage renewable resources and existing infrastructure to scale impact.
However, high production costs and the need for specialised infrastructure remain obstacles. Public-private partnerships and supportive policies are vital for scaling sustainable fuels. Measures like carbon pricing, blending mandates, and subsidies help establish economic viability. International collaboration, as seen in harmonised fuel standards across Asia-Pacific, further accelerates adoption. Investments in workforce training and technological innovation will ensure the development of a skilled workforce capable of supporting this transition.
Sustainable fuels are essential for decarbonising sectors beyond the reach of electrification or hydrogen solutions. By aligning policy frameworks, fostering global partnerships, and advancing technological capabilities, these fuels can play a pivotal role in achieving a low-carbon future.
Quadrise plc (LON:QED) is an energy technology provider whose solutions enable production of cheaper, cleaner, simpler and safer alternatives to fuel oil and biofuels, proven in real world applications. Quadrise technologies produce transition fuels called MSAR® and bioMSAR™, which allow clients in the shipping, utilities and industrial sectors to reduce carbon emissions whilst also saving costs.
