The decision by the Biden-Harris administration to phase out purchases of single-use plastics by the US federal government is a welcome move. As the largest purchaser of consumer goods globally, the federal government’s shift away from plastics could pave the way for significant environmental benefits. However, the real question is whether they will also embrace alternatives, or “unplastics.” Although not as durable or flexible as traditional plastics, these alternatives could help mitigate many environmental issues.
The US government’s aim to reduce the demand for disposable plastics and promote substitutes that are reusable, compostable, or more easily recyclable is a commendable first step. The US is the world’s leading producer of plastic waste, with the average American contributing nearly 500 pounds of it annually. Yet, recycling efforts have proven insufficient, with only about 9% of plastic collected being recycled. This reality underscores the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.
Global plastic production hit 400 million tons in 2022, with packaging and single-use plastics making up a large portion of this figure. The waste generated from this production often ends up in landfills, incinerators, or the natural environment, contributing to severe pollution issues. Additionally, the production process of plastics releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases and harmful pollutants.
The move to reduce plastic use reflects a global consensus that recycling alone is not the solution. Since 1950, global plastic production has skyrocketed to over 400 million tons annually and is projected to quadruple by 2050. Single-use plastics constitute about 40% of this total, contributing heavily to global waste.
If the US federal phase-out of single-use plastics gains traction, it could have a far-reaching impact, as noted by Christy Leavitt of Oceana, an organisation dedicated to ocean conservation. This shift puts the federal government in a leadership position to address its plastic consumption. Brenda Mallory of the White House Council on Environmental Quality noted that this change would require unprecedented action across the entire plastic lifecycle. For unplastics to gain widespread acceptance, these changes must become standard practice.
To replace single-use plastics, there is a need for materials that are truly compostable, reusable containers like glass or metal, and improved economic incentives for effective plastic recycling. Traditional plastics, derived from petroleum, are a staple of modern life due to their durability. However, this durability is also their downfall, as they break down into microplastics that persist in the environment for decades.
Countries like Rwanda, Kenya, and Canada have implemented national bans on single-use plastics, although such initiatives are still limited within the US, with only 12 states having similar bans. The World Wildlife Fund has pushed for a Global Plastics Treaty to limit plastic production and distribution. However, this effort faces strong opposition from the oil industry. A global treaty would include phasing out high-pollution plastic products, setting design requirements to reduce plastic consumption, and ensuring effective implementation through technical and financial support.
Biodegradable and compostable plastics are gaining attention as potential waste-management solutions. However, some biosourced polymers have low biodegradation rates under home-composting conditions, requiring a shift in public expectations. Bioplastics, often made from sources like sugarcane and corn, are not without their environmental drawbacks, as their production can harm soil quality and emit substantial CO2.
Seaweed is emerging as a promising material for unplastics, with its polysaccharides forming the basis for biodegradable bags that decompose naturally. Seaweed regenerates quickly and requires minimal resources, making it an environmentally friendly option. It also serves as a water filtration system and supports biodiversity. While some startups in Europe have started using seaweed for various products, challenges remain, particularly in achieving the flexibility and heat-resistance needed for broader applications.
Despite these challenges, several innovators have made significant strides in developing stable unplastic alternatives. Finnish design house Aivan has created concept headphones using microbe-grown natural materials, while researchers at Japan’s Kobe University have discovered a way to use algae to produce D-lactate, a crucial component of bioplastics. Biome Bioplastics has leveraged two decades of research to develop a range of plant-based bioplastics that are fully biodegradable and compostable, while The Hemp Plastic Company focuses on creating low-carbon, hemp-blended biocomposites and bioplastics.
The shift away from traditional plastics is gaining momentum, with innovative solutions like seaweed-based products and bioplastics leading the charge. However, for unplastics to become a mainstream alternative, further research and development are essential. The federal government’s move to phase out single-use plastics could be a significant step toward a more sustainable future, but the road ahead will require continued commitment and innovation.
Biome Technologies plc (LON:BIOM) is a growth oriented, commercially driven technology group. The Group’s primary activity is the development of its fast growing business in bioplastics. The Group comprises two divisions: Biome Bioplastics and Stanelco RF Technologies.
